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<title>Logba language</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Logba language</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="Logba_language_(Togo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Logba language (Togo)">Logba language (Togo)</a>.</div>

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</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #ffddaa;">Logba</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #ffddaa;"><i>Ikpana</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Volta Region, north-west of <a href="Ho%2C_Ghana" title="Ho, Ghana">Ho</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="Logba_people" title="Logba people">Logba people</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">7,500 (2003)<sup id="cite_ref-e18_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e18-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</a>?

<a href="Atlantic%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Atlantic–Congo languages">Atlantic–Congo</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="Kwa_languages" title="Kwa languages">Kwa</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="Na-Togo" class="mw-redirect" title="Na-Togo">Na-Togo</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Logba</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #ffddaa;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/lgq" class="extiw external" title="iso639-3:lgq">lgq</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/logb1245">logb1245</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="Endangered_Languages_Project" title="Endangered Languages Project">ELP</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/6030">Logba</a></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">

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<table class="infobox" style="background:#fff6d9"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Logba</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">People</th><td class="infobox-data">Akpanawò</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">Language</th><td class="infobox-data">Ikpana</td></tr></tbody></table>

<p><b>Logba</b> is a <a href="Kwa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kwa language">Kwa language</a> spoken in the south-eastern <a href="Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a> by approximately 7,500 people. The <a href="Logba_people" title="Logba people">Logba people</a> call themselves and their language <i>Ikpana</i>, which means ‘defenders of truth’. Logba is different from <a href="Lukpa_language" title="Lukpa language">Lukpa</a> of <a href="Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a> and <a href="Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a>, which is also sometimes referred to as <i>Logba</i>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2></div>

<p>The first published treatment of Logba was a short grammar by <a href="Diedrich_Hermann_Westermann" title="Diedrich Hermann Westermann">Diedrich Hermann Westermann</a> (1903). Westermann included Logba in his group of <i>Togo Restsprachen</i> (Togo Remnant languages), a terminology adopted by several subsequent researchers<sup class=" nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_heine1968"><a class="external autonumber external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logba_language#endnote_heine1968">[1]</a></sup>. Dakubu and Ford (1988) renamed this cluster the Central Togo languages but since Ring (1995) they are commonly referred to as <a href="Ghana%E2%80%93Togo_Mountain_languages" title="Ghana–Togo Mountain languages">Ghana–Togo Mountain languages</a>. The dozen or so Ghana–Togo Mountain languages are part of the <a href="Kwa_languages" title="Kwa languages">Kwa</a> branch of the <a href="Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</a> family.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography_and_demography">Geography and demography</h2></div>

<p>The Logba people live in the <a href="Volta_Region" title="Volta Region">Volta Region</a> of Ghana, east of the <a href="Volta_Lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Volta Lake">Volta Lake</a> in the mountains of the Ghana–Togo borderland. Most Logba towns and villages are situated along the trunk road from Accra to Hohoe. They include the following settlements: Wuinta, Akusame, Adiveme, Andokɔfe, Adzakoe, Alakpeti, Klikpo, and Tota. Tota is located high in the Ghana–Togo Mountains to the east of the Accra–Hohoe road. Alakpeti is the commercial centre of Logba, while Klikpo is traditionally the seat of the head of the Logba people. The Logba people are primarily subsistence farmers, producing cassava, maize, yams and forest fruits, supplemented by cash crops like cocoa, coffee and sawn mahogany logs. The Logba area is known for its scenery, which includes waterfalls, cliffs, and <a href="Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> formations, including one or two known small caves with minor <a href="Speleothems" class="mw-redirect" title="Speleothems">speleothems</a>.

</p><p>The dominant language in the region is <a href="Ewe_language" title="Ewe language">Ewe</a>, closely followed by <a href="Twi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Twi language">Twi</a>. Most Logba people are bilingual in Ewe. South of the Logba area live the Avatime people. Logba is only distantly related to its direct neighbours <a href="Avatime_language" title="Avatime language">Avatime</a> and Nyagbo-Tafi; according to <a href="Bernd_Heine" title="Bernd Heine">Bernd Heine</a> (1968) it is more closely related to the Akpafu and Santrokofi languages spoken northwards.

</p><p>It is generally agreed that the Logba people are not the original inhabitants of the area they now reside in. There have been two hypotheses as to the origin of the Logba people. Heine (1968, following Debrunner), proposed that the Logba are descendants from the <i>makɔ́</i> people, having fled south after a defeat in the second half of the 18th century.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2></div>

<p>Logba has a nine <a href="Vowel" title="Vowel">vowel</a> system with <a href="Advanced_tongue_root" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced tongue root">ATR</a> <a href="Vowel_harmony" title="Vowel harmony">vowel harmony</a>. Vowel harmony in Logba is root-controlled, which means that the vowels of its nominal prefixes harmonize with the vowels of the root. Vowels are nasalized when they occur in the immediate environment of a nasal consonant.

</p>

<caption><small>[-ATR] vowels in Logba</small>

</caption>

<th><a href="Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a></th>

<th><a href="Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a></th>

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td style="text-align: right;"><a href="Near-close_vowel" title="Near-close vowel">Near-close</a></td>

<td>ʊ

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>ɔ

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<caption><small>[+ATR] vowels in Logba</small>

</caption>

<th><a href="Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a></th>

<th><a href="Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a></th>

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td style="text-align: right;"><a href="Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a></td>

<td>u

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td style="text-align: right;"><a href="Close-mid_vowel" title="Close-mid vowel">Close-mid</a></td>

<td>o

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<p>Logba is a <a href="Tonal_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonal language">tonal language</a> with two level tones: High and Low. These tones can be combined on one syllable, yielding a Rising or Falling contour tone.

</p><p>All <a href="Syllable" title="Syllable">syllables</a> are open in Logba. Every syllable bears a tone. The basic syllable structure can be rendered as (C<sub>1</sub>)(C<sub>2</sub>)V+T, where C = consonant, V = vowel or syllabic nasal, and T = tone. Dorvlo (2004) distinguishes three types of syllables:

</p>

<ol><li><a href="Syllable_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllable nucleus">Nucleus</a> only, consisting of a vowel or a <a href="Syllabic_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllabic nasal">syllabic nasal</a>. This type is found only in pronouns and nominal prefixes. Examples: <i>ɛ́-mɔ́</i> 'they laughed'; <i>ɔ́-zɔ́</i> 'he/she went'; <i>n-dà</i> 'liquor'.</li>

<li><a href="Syllable_onset" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllable onset">Onset</a> and nucleus. This is the most common syllabe type in Logba; most words are of this form. In multisyllabic words, it can occur in all positions. Examples: <i>bà</i> ‘come’; <i>gbà</i><sup class=" nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_gb"><a class="external autonumber external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logba_language#endnote_gb">[2]</a></sup> ‘sweep’; <i>bìsí</i> ‘cola nut’</li>

<li>Complex onset and nucleus. Only /r/ and /l/ occur as the second consonant of the complex onset. This syllable type can also form a word by itself. In multisyllabic words, in can occur in all positions. Examples: <i>à-klɔ́</i>   ‘goat’; <i>trò</i> ‘refuse’; <i>ìvàflí</i>   ‘(thing) white’.</li></ol>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3></div>

<p>The consonants of Logba are as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

</th>

<th><a href="Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a>

</th>

<th><a href="Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a>

</th>

<th><a href="Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">Retroflex</a>

</th>

<th><a href="Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a>

</th>

<th><a href="Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a>

</th>

<th><a href="Labialized_velar_consonant" title="Labialized velar consonant">Labio-<br>Velar</a>

</th>

<th><a href="Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a>

</th></tr>

<tr>

<th rowspan="2"><a href="Plosive" title="Plosive">Plosive</a>

</th>

<th><small>voiceless</small>

</th>

<td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th><small>voiced</small>

</th>

</td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th rowspan="2"><a href="Fricative" title="Fricative">Fricative</a>

</th>

<th><small>voiceless</small>

</th>

</td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th><small>voiced</small>

</th>

</td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th rowspan="2"><a href="Affricate" title="Affricate">Affricate</a>

</th>

<th><small>voiceless</small>

</th>

<td>

</td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th><small>voiced</small>

</th>

<td>

</td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th colspan="2"><a href="Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a>

</th>

</td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th colspan="2"><a href="Approximant" title="Approximant">Approximant</a>

</th>

<td>

</td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

</td>

<td>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<p>s, z, ts, and dz are palatalized to ʃ, ʒ, tʃ, and dʒ respectively, when they occur before i. In the Tota dialect, t and d are pronounced as ts and dz before u.

</p>

<p>Logba is a <a href="Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">tonal</a> language with two tones, high and low. There are a few words which have rising tone, all of which are either loanwords such as zenklǎ (pot stand), a loan from <a href="Ewe_language" title="Ewe language">Ewe</a>, or are ideophonic, such as tǒ (to fell <a href="Arecaceae" title="Arecaceae">palm trees</a>), which imitates the sound of a palm tree falling. Monosyllabic verbs which have a low tone in their uninflected form gain high tone when inflected.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3></div>

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</style><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_heine1968"><b><a href="#ref_heine1968">^</a></b></span> See for example Heine (1968). Dorvlo (2005) indicates that Logba people who understand the meaning of the term feel uncomfortable with this terminology.</li>

<li><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_heine"><b><a href="#ref_heine">^</a></b></span> Heine (1968:30fn8) is aware of the oral history of the Logba but dismisses this account, professedly because Westermann did not write anything about it. See also <a href="Gbe_languages#History" title="Gbe languages">Gbe languages#History</a>.</li>

<li><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_gb"><b><a href="#ref_gb">^</a></b></span> /gb/ is not a sequence of /g/ and /b/; it is a digraph for the labio-velar stop, a double articulation common in many African languages.</li></ol>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-e18-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-e18_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/lgq/">Logba</a> at <i><a href="Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (18th ed., 2015) <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dorvlo, Kofi. 2008. A Grammar of Logba (Ikpana). 183. Utrecht: LOT. (Doctoral dissertation, Rijksuniversiteit te Leiden; xxii+419pp.)</span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<ul><li>Blench, Roger (2001). <i>Comparative Central Togo: What have we learnt since Heine?</i> (paper presented at the 32nd Annual Conference on African Linguistics and subsequently revised), 39p.</li>

<li>Kropp Dakubu, M.E. & K.C. Ford (1988) 'The Central Togo Languages'. In: <i>The Languages of Ghana</i>, M.E. Kropp Dakubu (ed.), 119–153. London: Kegan Paul International.</li>

<li>Dorvlo, Kofi (2004). ‘A Preliminary Phonology of Logba’, in Kropp Dakubu & Osam (eds.) <i>Studies in the Languages of the Volta Basin II</i> (Proceedings of the annual colloquium of the Legon-Trondheim Linguistics Project 12–13 January 2004). Legon: University of Ghana, pp. 239–249.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/handle/1887/12945">Dorvlo, Kofi (2008), A Grammar of Logba (Ikpana), Dissertation, University of Leiden</a></li>

<li>Greenberg 1966 as cited in Dorvlo 2004</li>

<li>Heine, Bernd (1968) <i>Die Verbreitung und Gliederung der Togorestsprachen</i> (Kölner Beiträge zur Afrikanistik vol. 1). Köln: Druckerei Wienand. [<i>pp. 29–30, 100–101</i>]</li>

<li>Ladefoged, Peter (1964) <i>A Phonetic Study of West African Languages (an auditory-instrumental survey)</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [<i>pp. 54</i>]</li>

<li>Plehn, Rudolf. 1899. 'Beiträge zur Völkerkunde des Togo-Gebietes', in <i>Mittheilungen des Seminars für Orientalische Sprachen</i>, 2, part III, 87—124.</li>

<li>Westermann, Diedrich Hermann (1903) ‘Die Logbasprache in Togo. Kurzer Abriss der Grammatik und Texte’, <i>Zeitschrift fur afrikanische, ozeanische und ostasiatische Sprachen</i>, 7, 1, 23–39.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.onderzoekinformatie.nl/en/oi/nod/onderzoek/OND1295296/">The Southern Ghana-Togo Mountain Groups: A description of their languages and cultural heritage.</a> (<a href="CNWS" class="mw-redirect" title="CNWS">CNWS</a> research project).</li>

<li>Image:Logbakitchen.JPG Picture of a family kitchen in Logba</li>

<li>Image:Lobgaschool.JPG Picture of Logba School</li>

<li>Image:Logbavillage.JPG Picture of Logba Village</li>

<li>ELAR archive of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elar.soas.ac.uk/deposit/0207">Ikpána (Logba) language documentation materials</a></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Languages_of_Ghana128" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Languages_of_Ghana" title="Languages of Ghana">Languages of Ghana</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ghanaian_English" title="Ghanaian English">English</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Creole languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ghanaian_Pidgin_English" title="Ghanaian Pidgin English">Ghanaian Pidgin English</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government-sponsored</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Asante_dialect" title="Asante dialect">Asante</a></li>

<li><a href="Akuapem_dialect" title="Akuapem dialect">Akuapem</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Fante_dialect" title="Fante dialect">Fante</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Dagaare_language" title="Dagaare language">Dagaare</a></li>

<li><a href="Dagbani_language" title="Dagbani language">Dagbani</a></li>

<li><a href="Dangme_language" title="Dangme language">Dangme</a></li>

<li><a href="Gonja_language" title="Gonja language">Gonja</a></li>

<li><a href="Kasena_language" title="Kasena language">Kasem</a></li>

<li><a href="Nzema_language" title="Nzema language">Nzema</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Gur_languages" title="Gur languages">Gur</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Birifor_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Birifor language">Birifor</a></li>

<li><a href="Chakali_language" title="Chakali language">Chakali</a></li>

<li><a href="Chala_language" title="Chala language">Chala</a></li>

<li><a href="Frafra_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Frafra language">Frafra</a></li>

<li><a href="Hanga_language" title="Hanga language">Hanga</a></li>

<li><a href="Kabiye_language" title="Kabiye language">Kabye</a></li>

<li><a href="Kamara_language" title="Kamara language">Kamara</a></li>

<li><a href="Kantosi_language" title="Kantosi language">Kantosi</a></li>

<li><a href="Konkomba_language" title="Konkomba language">Konkomba</a></li>

<li><a href="Konni_language" title="Konni language">Konni</a></li>

<li><a href="Kusasi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kusasi language">Kusasi</a></li>

<li><a href="Mamprusi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamprusi language">Mamprusi</a></li>

<li><a href="Moor%C3%A9" title="Mooré">Mooré</a></li>

<li><a href="Nabit_language" title="Nabit language">Nabit</a></li>

<li><a href="Notre_language" title="Notre language">Notre</a></li>

<li><a href="Ntcham_language" title="Ntcham language">Ntcham</a></li>

<li><a href="Paasaal_language" title="Paasaal language">Paasaal</a></li>

<li><a href="Safaliba_language" title="Safaliba language">Safaliba</a></li>

<li><a href="Sisaala_language" title="Sisaala language">Sisaala</a></li>

<li><a href="Talni_language" title="Talni language">Talni</a></li>

<li><a href="Tamprusi_language" title="Tamprusi language">Tamprusi</a></li>

<li><a href="Vagla_language" title="Vagla language">Vagla</a></li>

<li><a href="Winye_language" title="Winye language">Winye</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Kwa_languages" title="Kwa languages">Kwa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Adele_language" title="Adele language">Adele</a></li>

<li><a href="Ahanta_language" title="Ahanta language">Ahanta</a></li>

<li><a href="Animere_language" title="Animere language">Animere</a></li>

<li><a href="Anyin_language" title="Anyin language">Anyin</a></li>

<li><a href="Avatime_language" title="Avatime language">Avatime</a></li>

<li><a href="Bowili_language" title="Bowili language">Bowili</a></li>

<li><a href="Chakosi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Chakosi language">Chakosi</a></li>

<li><a href="Cherepon_language" title="Cherepon language">Cherepon</a></li>

<li><a href="Chumburung_language" title="Chumburung language">Chumburung</a></li>

<li><a href="Efutu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Efutu language">Efutu</a></li>

<li><a href="Jwira-Pepesa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Jwira-Pepesa language">Jwira-Pepesa</a></li>

<li><a href="Kposo_language" title="Kposo language">Kposo</a></li>

<li><a href="Krache_language" title="Krache language">Krache</a></li>

<li><a href="Larteh_language" title="Larteh language">Larteh</a></li>

<li><a href="Lelemi_language" title="Lelemi language">Lelemi</a></li>

<li><a href="Likpe_language" title="Likpe language">Likpe</a></li>

<li><a href="Nkami_language" title="Nkami language">Nkami</a></li>

<li><a href="Nkonya_language" title="Nkonya language">Nkonya</a></li>

<li><a href="Nyangbo-Tafi_language" title="Nyangbo-Tafi language">Nyangbo-Tafi</a></li>

<li><a href="Santrokofi_language" title="Santrokofi language">Santrokofi</a></li>

<li><a href="Sehwi_language" title="Sehwi language">Sehwi</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Mande_languages" title="Mande languages">Mande</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bambara_language" title="Bambara language">Bambara</a></li>

<li><a href="Ligbi_language" title="Ligbi language">Ligbi</a></li>

<li><a href="Tonjon_language" title="Tonjon language">Tonjon</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Hausa_language" title="Hausa language">Hausa</a></li>

<li><a href="Nafaanra" class="mw-redirect" title="Nafaanra">Nafaanra</a></li>

<li><a href="Yoruba_language" title="Yoruba language">Yoruba</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ghanaian_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghanaian Sign Language">Ghanaian Sign Language</a></li>

<li><a href="Adamorobe_Sign_Language" title="Adamorobe Sign Language">Adamorobe Sign Language</a></li>

<li><a href="Nanabin_Sign_Language" title="Nanabin Sign Language">Nanabin Sign Language</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigrant languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="English_language" title="English language">English</a></li>

<li><a href="French_language" title="French language">French</a></li>

<li><a href="Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></li>

<li><a href="Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a></li>

<li><a href="German_language" title="German language">German</a></li>

<li><a href="Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a></li>

<li><a href="Hindi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi language">Hindi</a></li>

<li><a href="Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a></li>

<li><a href="Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a></li>

<li><a href="Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></li>

<li><a href="Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a></li>

<li><a href="Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></li>

<li><a href="Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a></li>

<li><a href="Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li>

<li><a href="Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a></li>

<li><a href="Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kwa_languages147" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Kwa_languages147" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Kwa_languages" title="Kwa languages">Kwa languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Potou%E2%80%93Tano_languages" title="Potou–Tano languages">Potou–Tano</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Central_Tano_languages" title="Central Tano languages">Central Tano</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ahanta_language" title="Ahanta language">Ahanta</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Asante_dialect" title="Asante dialect">Asante</a></li>

<li><a href="Akuapem_dialect" title="Akuapem dialect">Akuapem</a></li>

<li><a href="Fante_dialect" title="Fante dialect">Fante</a></li>

<li><a href="Anyin_language" title="Anyin language">Anyin</a></li>

<li><a href="Baoul%C3%A9_language" title="Baoulé language">Baoulé</a></li>

<li><a href="Chakosi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Chakosi language">Chakosi</a></li>

<li><a href="Jwira%E2%80%93Pepesa_language" title="Jwira–Pepesa language">Jwira–Pepesa</a></li>

<li><a href="Morofo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Morofo language">Morofo</a></li>

<li><a href="Nzema_language" title="Nzema language">Nzema</a></li>

<li><a href="Sehwi_language" title="Sehwi language">Sefwi</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Guang_languages" title="Guang languages">Guang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cherepon_language" title="Cherepon language">Cherepon</a></li>

<li><a href="Chumburung_language" title="Chumburung language">Chumburung</a></li>

<li><a href="Dwang_language" title="Dwang language">Dwang</a></li>

<li><a href="Efutu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Efutu language">Efutu</a></li>

<li><a href="Foodo_language" title="Foodo language">Foodo</a></li>

<li><a href="Kyode_language" title="Kyode language">Kyode</a></li>

<li><a href="Larteh_language" title="Larteh language">Larteh</a></li>

<li><a href="Ginyanga_language" title="Ginyanga language">Ginyanga</a></li>

<li><a href="Gonja_language" title="Gonja language">Gonja</a></li>

<li><a href="Kplang_language" title="Kplang language">Kplang</a></li>

<li><a href="Krache_language" title="Krache language">Krache</a></li>

<li><a href="Nawuri_language" title="Nawuri language">Nawuri</a></li>

<li><a href="Nchumbulu_language" title="Nchumbulu language">Nchumbulu</a></li>

<li><a href="Nkami_language" title="Nkami language">Nkami</a></li>

<li><a href="Nkonya_language" title="Nkonya language">Nkonya</a></li>

<li><a href="Ntrapo_language" title="Ntrapo language">Ntrapo</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Abure_language" title="Abure language">Abure</a></li>

<li><a href="Ebri%C3%A9_language" title="Ebrié language">Ebrié</a></li>

<li><a href="Eotile_language" title="Eotile language">Eotile</a></li>

<li><a href="Krobu_language" title="Krobu language">Krobu</a></li>

<li><a href="Mbato_language" title="Mbato language">Mbato</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Ghana%E2%80%93Togo_Mountain_languages" title="Ghana–Togo Mountain languages">Ghana–Togo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Na-Togo</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Adele_language" title="Adele language">Adele</a></li>

<li><a href="Anii_language" title="Anii language">Basila</a></li>

<li><a href="Lelemi_language" title="Lelemi language">Lelemi</a></li>

<li><a href="Likpe_language" title="Likpe language">Likpe</a></li>

<li><a href="Santrokofi_language" title="Santrokofi language">Santrokofi</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ka-Togo</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ahlon_language" title="Ahlon language">Ahlon</a></li>

<li><a href="Kebu_language" title="Kebu language">Akebu</a></li>

<li><a href="Animere_language" title="Animere language">Animere</a></li>

<li><a href="Avatime_language" title="Avatime language">Avatime</a></li>

<li><a href="Bowili_language" title="Bowili language">Bowili</a></li>

<li><a href="Kposo_language" title="Kposo language">Kposo</a></li>

<li><a href="Nyangbo-Tafi_language" title="Nyangbo-Tafi language">Nyangbo-Tafi</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Ga%E2%80%93Dangme_languages" title="Ga–Dangme languages">Ga–Dangme</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Dangme_language" title="Dangme language">Dangme</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lagoon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Abidji_language" title="Abidji language">Abidji</a></li>

<li><a href="Adjukru_language" title="Adjukru language">Adjukru</a></li>

<li><a href="Atti%C3%A9_language" title="Attié language">Attié</a></li>

<li>Avikam–Alladian

<ul><li><a href="Alladian_language" title="Alladian language">Alladian</a></li>

<li><a href="Avikam_language" title="Avikam language">Avikam</a></li></ul></li>

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